Born in 1948, Zhou Xiaochuan has come a long way from the rebellious teenager on a state farm during China’s Cultural Revolution; he is now the country’s longest serving, and arguably most radical, governor of the Chinese central bank. It may be a new year, but all eyes are still on China – another shock devalution of the yuan earlier this week caused turmoil on markets globally. And Zhou Xiaochuan is the man behind the news – quietly recommending free-market economic policy to the State Councils that control Communist China. The son of a an early Communist leader persecuted by the government then in power, Zhou was sent to a state farm for difficult teenagers in 1968, where he defied the powers that be by listening to banned classical music. His luck changed when President Jiang Zemin, a former protégé of his father, came to power in 1989 – and his career began to take off. Xiaochuan landed a string of jobs in the upper echelons of China’s finance sector, from the president of China Construction Bank to the head of of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. His career has several impressive milestones; over-hauling the state-owned banks to encourage a more competitive market and persuading Beijing to devalue the yuan, paving the way for a free-floating currency that can challenge the US dollar, to name just a few. Since 2002, Zhou has has served as the governor of the People’s Bank of China, but success rarely comes easily; over the years, he has been heavily criticised for ‘selling out to foreigners’, in the case of the modification of the state banks, and for disagreeing with the huge economic stimulus plan ordered in 2008 by Premier Wen Jiabao. Rumours have been abound that his time as head of the Bank may soon be over; however, he has so far outlived three administrations and his reign looks set to continue for a while longer. Throughout his time as head of the central bank, Zhou has consistently pushed for a freer, globalized currency and is almost solely responsible for the rising international use of the yuan since 2005. Amongst friends and peers, he is well known for his excellent English, love of tennis and ability to mix easily with global economic figures. Over the last couple of months, however, China has been on something of a downward spiral – arguably, it is now that Zhou’s skills as an economic leader will be truly put to the test.

Miranda Wadham on 08/01/2016

A week into 2016 and the financial markets are off to a less than prosperous start; two trading suspensions on the Chinese markets, the halting of diplomatic relations between two major oil producers and a spate of negative trading updates have done nothing to elevate investor sentiment. But is this gloomy outlook it for the year, or is there a chance to turn it around? China is one of the biggest influences on the global economy, and according to Dafydd Davies, partner at Charles Hanover Investments, the forecast isn’t looking good: “Structural changes in China are likely to be the most detrimental factor for equity markets, although not so much the fundamental changes themselves but negative sentiment they create.” China have implemented several changes since crises over the summer of last year sent markets plunging – including several devaluations of the yuan and the perhaps ill-advised decision to bring in a ‘circuit-breaker’, designed to suspend the markets should they fall over 7 percent. What is certain is that Beijing’s attempts to control volatility in the markets will continue, with uncertain consequences. The oil sector’s start to 2016 wasn’t much better than China’s – prices hit 11-year lows at the beginning of the week after Saudi Arabia’s execution of a prominent Shia clerk caused Iran to cut diplomatic ties. Exacerbated tension between the two countries makes a much-needed agreement to curb output look more and more unlikely. Dafydd Davies comments: “With the $30 mark fast approaching, we expect to see some capitulation over the coming months as Western producers have to keep producing to pay debt, and Middle Eastern producers continue to support government spending.” Looking towards the UK, the biggest issue on the country’s agenda is the much-anticipated interest rate rise. Now that the Federal Reserve have taken the plunge and raised rates, the pressure is increasing on Bank of England chief Mark Carney to do the same. However he has repeatedly made it clear that the UK is in no hurry to follow suit – and with a strong of disappointing economic data, it seems unlikely rates will be raised until at least early 2017.

Miranda Wadham on 08/01/2016

China has once again taken centre-stage in global economics, after a shock devaluation of their currency ended with the suspension of Chinese markets for the second time this week. But when discussing this matter, which currency is correct – the yuan or the renminbi? The currency of the world’s second largest economy goes by two names, which are often confused and used interchangeably. Technically, both are correct to use, but refer to slightly different things: ‘Renminbi‘ is the official name of the currency introduced by the Communist People’s Republic of China at the time of its foundation in 1949. It means “the people’s currency”. ‘Yuan‘ is the name of a unit of the renminbi currency. It is the Chinese word for dollar – the silver coin, mostly minted in the Spanish empire, used by foreign merchants in China for some four centuries. Just to confuse matters further, Yuan is also referred to as “kuài” in spoken Chinese. Renminbi is the official name, with yuan being the main unit – for example, in Britain, Pound Sterling is the official name but the main unit is pounds. An item may cost £1 or £10 – but never 1 or 10 sterling. So, in short, when you’re speaking about the currency as a whole — and not about a particular number of yuan — it’s correct to say renminbi. When speaking about a specific amount, it’s yuan.

Miranda Wadham on 07/01/2016